Large Holocene landslides from Pylon Peak, southwestern British Columbia

نویسندگان

  • Pierre A. Friele
  • John J. Clague
چکیده

Mount Meager massif, the northernmost volcano of the Cascade volcanic belt, has been the site of very large (>107 m3) landslides in the Holocene Epoch. We document two complex landslides at Pylon Peak, one of the peaks of the Mount Meager massif, about 7900 14C and 3900 14C years ago (about 8700 and 4400 calendar years ago). Together, the two landslides displaced 6 × 108 m3 of volcanic rock from the south flank of Pylon Peak into nearby Meager Creek valley. Each landslide consisted of at least two phases, an early debris flow resulting from failure of hydrothermally altered pyroclastic rock at mid levels on the mountain and a later rock avalanche from a higher source. Both debris flows likely traveled down Meager Creek, and preliminary evidence from drilling indicates the 4400-year-old event traveled down Lillooet River into areas that are now settled and where population density is increasing rapidly. The mobility of the debris flows was due to the high content of fine, weathered volcanic sediment and the availability of sufficient water. The causes of the landslides are a wet climate and the presence of weak, hydrothermally altered volcanic rock containing abundant phreatic water on glacially oversteepened slopes. The landslides may have been triggered by earthquakes or by upwelling of magma to shallow depths within the volcano. However, they may also have occurred without specific triggers following extended periods of progressive weakening of the volcanic rocks. Résumé : Le massif du mont Meager, le volcan le plus septentrional de la ceinture volcanique de Cascade, a été le site de très gros (>107 m3) glissements de terrain à l’Holocène. Nous documentons deux glissements complexes au sommet Pylon, l’un des deux sommets du massif du mont Meager, il y a environ 7900 14C et 3900 14C années (soit environ 8700 et 4400 années civiles). Ensemble, les deux glissements de terrain ont déplacé environ 6 × 108 m3 de roches volcaniques du flanc sud du sommet Pylon dans la vallée du ruisseau Meager avoisinant. Chaque glissement de terrain comprenait au moins deux phases; en premier, une coulée de débris résultant de la défaillance, à mi-pente sur la montagne, de roches pyroclastiques ayant subi une altération hydrothermale, puis une avalanche de pierre d’une source plus élevée. Les deux coulées de débris ont probablement dévalé le ruisseau Meager; des évidences préliminaires de forages indiquent que l’événement datant de 4400 ans a descendu la rivière Lillooet jusqu’à des endroits qui sont maintenant peuplés et où la densité de la population s’accroît rapidement. La mobilité des coulées de débris était due à la haute teneur en sédiments volcaniques, altérés et fins, et à la disponibilité d’une quantité d’eau suffisante. Les causes des glissements sont un climat humide et la présence, sur les pentes surraidies par la glaciation, de roches volcaniques, incompétentes, qui ont subi une altération hydrothermale et qui contenaient une grande quantité d’eau phréatique. Les glissements de terrain peuvent avoir été déclenchés par des tremblements de terre ou par des remontées magmatiques jusqu’à de faibles profondeurs à l’intérieur du volcan. Ils peuvent toutefois aussi avoir eu lieu sans déclencheurs spécifiques à la suite de longues périodes d’affaiblissement progressif des roches volcaniques. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Friele and Clague 182

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تاریخ انتشار 2004